Kamis, 29 April 2021

History Skating jumps

According to figure skating historian James R. Hines, jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent".[1] Jumps were viewed as "acrobatic tricks, not as a part of a skater’s art"[5] and "had no place"[1] in the skating practices in England during the 19th century, although skaters experimented with jumps from the ice during the last 25 years of the 1800s. Hops, or jumps without rotations, were done for safety reasons, to avoid obstacles, such as hats, barrels, and tree logs, on natural ice.[6][7] In 1881, Spuren Auf Dem Eise ("Tracing on the Ice"), "a monumental publication describing the state of skating in Vienna",[8] briefly mentioned jumps, describing three jumps in two pages.[9] Jumping on skates was a part of the athletic side of free skating, and was considered inappropriate for female skaters.[10]

 


Hines stated that free skating movements such as spirals, spread eagles, spins, and jumps were originally individual compulsory figures, and sometimes special figures. For example, Norwegian skater Axel Paulsen, whom Hines called "progressive",[11] performed the first jump in competition, the Axel, which was named after him, at the first international competition in 1882, as a special figure.[12] Jumps were also related to their corresponding figure; for example, the loop jump. Other jumps, such as the Axel and the Salchow, were named after the skaters who invented them.[5] It was not until the early part of the twentieth century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. These jumps became elements in athletic free skating programs, but they were not worth more points than no-revolution jumps and half jumps. In the 1920s, Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice and refine rotations in the Axel.[7] Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed.[13]

Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s.[1][7] Athleticism in the sport increased between the world wars, especially by women like Norwegian world and Olympic champion Sonia Henie, who popularized short skirts that allowed female skaters to maneuver and perform jumps. When international competitions were interrupted by World War II, double jumps by both men and women had become commonplace, and all jumps, except for the Axel, were being doubled.[14][15] According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, "the development of rotational technique required for Axels and double jumps continued",[16] especially in the United States and Czechoslovakia. Post-war skaters, according to Hines, "pushed the envelope of jumping to extremes that skaters of the 1930s would not have thought possible".[17] For example, world champion Felix Kasper from Austria was well known for his athletic jumps, which were the longest and highest in the history of figure skating. Hines reported that his Axel measured four feet high and 25 feet from takeoff to landing. Both men and women, including women skaters from Great Britain, were doubling Salchows and loops in their competition programs.[18]

During the post-war period, American skater Dick Button, who "intentionally tried to bring a greater athleticism to men’s skating",[16] performed the first double Axel in competition in 1948 and the first triple jump, a triple loop, in 1952.[16] Triple jumps, especially triple Salchows, became more common for male skater during the 1950s and early 1960s, and female skaters, especially in North America, included a full repertoire of two-revolution jumps. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, men commonly performed triple Salchows and women regularly performed double Axels in competitions. Men would also include more difficult multi-revolution jumps like triple flips, Lutzes, and loops; women included triple Salchows and toe loops. In the 1980s, men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples such as the loop jump.[19] By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in figure skating.[20] According to Kestnbaum, jumps like the triple Lutz became more important during women's skating competitions.[21]

Types of jumps

The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the Lutz) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel).[22] The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump.[23] Toe jumps tend to be higher than edge jumps because skaters press the toe pick of their skate into the ice on takeoff.[11] Both feet are on the ice at the time of take-off, and the toe-pick in the ice at take-off acts as a pole vault. It is impossible to add a half-revolution to toe jumps.[24]

Skaters accomplish edge jumps by leaving the ice from any of their skates' four possible edges; lift is "achieved from the spring gained by straightening of a bent knee in combination with a swing of the free leg".[11] They require precise rotational control of the skater's upper body, arms, and free leg, and of how well he or she leans into the take-off edge. The preparation going into the jump and its take-off, as well as controlling the rotation of the preparation and take-off, must be precisely timed.[25]

Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. For example, all single jumps, except for the Axel, include one revolution, double jumps include two revolution, and so on. More revolutions earn skaters earn more points.[11] Double and triple versions have increased in importance "as a measure of technical and athletic ability, with attention paid to clean takeoffs and landings".[26] Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.[11]

Euler jump

The Euler is an edge jump. It was known as the half loop jump in International Skating Union (ISU) regulations prior to the 2018–2019 season, when the name was changed.[23] In Europe, the Euler is also called the Thorén jump, after its inventor, Swedish figure skater Per Thorén.[27] The Euler is executed when a skater takes off from the back outside edge of one skate and lands on the opposite foot and edge. It is most commonly done prior to the third jump during a three-jump combination, and serves as a way to put a skater on the correct edge in order to attempt a Salchow jump or a flip jump. It can only be accomplished as a single jump.[23] The Euler has a base point value of 0.50 points, when used in combination between two listed jumps, and also becomes a listed jump.[28]

Toe loop jump


The toe loop jump is the simplest jump in figure skating.[29] It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes.[30] In competitions, the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; and the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50.[28]

The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate.[31] The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn his or her body towards the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air.[32] It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations, and is the most common second jump performed in combinations.[33] It is also the most commonly attempted jump,[31] as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump",[34] or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air.[32] Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.[35]

Flip jump

The ISU defines a flip jump as "a toe jump that takes off from a back inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot".[30] It is executed with assistance from the toe of the free foot.[36] In competitions, the base value of a single flip is 0.50; the base value of a double flip is 1.80; the base value of a triple flip is 5.50; and the base value of a quadruple flip is 11.00.[28]

Lutz jump

The ISU defines the Lutz jump as "a toe-pick assisted jump with an entrance from a back outside edge and landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot".[30] It is the second-most difficult jump in figure skating[29] and "probably the second-most famous jump after the Axel".[33] It is named after figure skater Alois Lutz from Vienna, Austria, who first performed it in 1913.[30][33] In competitions, the base value of a single Lutz is 0.60; the base value of a double Lutz is 2.10; the base value of a triple Lutz is 5.90; and the base value of a quadruple Lutz is 11.50.[28] A "cheated" Lutz jump without an outside edge is called a "flutz".[33]

 

Salchow jump

The Salchow jump is an edge jump. It was named after its inventor, Ulrich Salchow, in 1909.[30][37] The Salchow is accomplished with a takeoff from the back inside edge of one foot and a landing on the back outside edge of the opposite foot.[30] It is "usually the first jump that skaters learn to double, and the first or second to triple".[38] Timing is critical because both the takeoff and landing must be on the backward edge.[33] A Salchow is deemed cheated if the skate blade starts to turn forward before the takeoff, or if it has not turned completely backward when the skater lands back on the ice.[38]

In competitions, the base value of a single Salchow is 0.40; the base value of a double Salchow is 1.30; the base value of a triple Salchow is 4.30; and the base value of a quadruple Salchow is 9.70.[28]

 

Loop jump

The loop jump is an edge jump. It was created by German figure skater Werner Rittberger, and is often called the Rittberger in Europe.[30][39] It also gets its name from the shape the blade would leave on the ice if the skater performed the rotation without leaving the ice.[40] According to U.S. Figure Skating, the loop jump is "the most fundamental of all the jumps".[33] The skater executes it by taking off from the back outside edge of the skating foot, turning one rotation in the air, and landing on the back outside edge of the same foot.[41] It is often performed as the second jump in a combination.[40]

In competitions, the base value of the single loop jump is 0.50; the base value of a double loop is 1.70; the base value of a triple loop is 4.90; and the base value of a quadruple loop is 10.50.[

 

Axel jump


American figure skater Mirai Nagasu, in 2010

The Axel jump, also called the Axel Paulsen jump for its creator, Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen, is an edge jump.[42] It is figure skating's oldest and most difficult jump.[15][40] The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating.[43] It is the only jump that begins with a forward takeoff, which makes it the easiest jump to identify.[22] A double or triple Axel is required in both the short programs and free skating programs for junior and senior single skaters in all ISU competitions.[44]

The Axel has an extra half rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah Robbins states, makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple".[45] Sports reporter Nora Princiotti states, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated".[46] According to American skater Mirai Nagasu, "falling on the triple Axel is really brutal".[47]

 

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In competitions, the base value of a single Axel is 1.10; the base value of a double Axel is 3.30; the base value of a triple Axel is 8.00; and the base value of a quadruple Axel is 12.50.[28] According to The New York Times, the triple Axel "has become more common for male skaters" to perform,[48] although the quadruple Axel has not yet been successfully completed in competition.[49] As of 2019, 12 women have successfully completed the triple Axel in competition.[50]

 

Source Article : https://en.wikipedia.org 

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