Figure skating jumps are an element of three competitive figure skating disciplines—men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating but not ice dancing. Jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent".[1] They were originally individual compulsory figures, and sometimes special figures;
many jumps were named after the skaters who invented them or from the
figures from which they were developed. It was not until the early part
of the twentieth century, well after the establishment of organized
skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed
with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally
categorized. In the 1920s, Austrian skaters began to perform the first
double jumps in practice. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the
end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed.
Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during
international competitions until the 1930s. During the post-war period
and into the 1950s and early 1960s, triple jumps became more common for
both male and female skaters, and a full repertoire of two-revolution
jumps had been fully developed. In the 1980s, men were expected to
complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform
the easier triples. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed
from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in
figure skating.
The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the toe loop, the flip, and the Lutz) and edge jumps (the Salchow, the loop, and the Axel). The Euler jump, which was known as a half loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.
According to the International Skating Union (ISU), jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length";[2] they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good take-offs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's take-off to its landing, a "very good body position".[2] A jump combination, defined as "two (or more) jumps performed in immediate succession",[3] is executed when a skater's landing foot of the first jump is also the take-off foot of the following jump.[4][3] All jumps are considered in the order that they are completed. Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs.
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Jumps are divided into eight parts: the set-up, load, transition, pivot, takeoff, flight, landing, and exit. All jumps, except for the Axel, are taken off while skating backward; Axels are entered into by skating forward. A skater's body absorbs up to 13—14 g-forces each time he or she lands from a jump, which may contribute to overuse injuries and stress fractures. Skaters add variations or unusual entries and exits to jumps to increase difficulty. Factors such as angular momentum, the moment of inertia, angular acceleration, and the skater's center of mass determines if a jump is successfully completed.
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